Showing posts with label law. Show all posts
Showing posts with label law. Show all posts

Monday, April 26, 2021

Rule 139 of Central Motor Vehicle Act

 

According to Rule 139 of the Central Motor Vehicle Rules, if the driver does not have the documents in time, in physical or electronic form, registration, insurance, fitness and permit certificates, driving license pollution, etc., then he has to present all the necessary documents. A time of 15 days is given.


Rule 139 of Central Motor Vehicle Act in Hindi - Following the new Motor Vehicle Act, which came into force from September 1, there have been reports of large number of vehicle drivers getting challans of thousands of rupees from different states of the country. In fact, for violating traffic rules in the new Motor Vehicle Act, the penalty amount has been increased by almost 10 times. Recently, a truck driver in Odisha was fined Rs 86,500. Earlier, an auto driver's challan of Rs 4,6500 was deducted in Gurugram, Haryana. Action was taken on these drivers for breaking traffic rules and not having the necessary documents related to the car. However, there is also a rule in the Motor Vehicle Act, from which you can cancel your challan of thousands of rupees for just 100 rupees.

Such challans can be canceled : According to traffic rules, if you do not have your driving license, vehicle registration certificate (RC), insurance, pollution certificate and permit while driving on the road, your challan can be deducted. But ... Rule 139 of the central motor vehicle act provides that the driver will be given 15 days time to present the documents. The traffic police cannot cut his challan immediately.

This means that if the driver claims to show these documents within 15 days, then the traffic police or RTO officials will not deduct the challan of the vehicle. After this, the driver has to show these documents to the traffic police or officer concerned within 15 days. At the same time, under the New Motor Vehicle Act 2019 Section 158, the time for getting an accident or showing these documents in special cases is 7 days.

If the traffic police challans you illegally, then it is not mandatory to fill the challan. The challan of the traffic police can be challenged in court. And if it is proved in the court that the driver has all the documents and he is not given 15 days time to present these documents, then that fine can be waived by the court.

However the condition in this rule is that all papers must be dated before the invoice is deducted. For this process you will have to pay a fee of Rs 100 per document.

How to get death certificate - how to get death certificate online in india

 

How to get death certificate - how to get death certificate online in india



Death certificate is one of the important documents. Many things cannot be done without it. For example, if you have to make an insurance claim or withdraw money from the account of the deceased or take a pension, you need a death certificate everywhere.


On the basis of the death certificate, the legal heir of the deceased gets the pension, payment of life insurance, payment of the remaining amount in the bank account, so if the death certificate is not there then the death person will not be able to get these payments. 

You can apply online within 21 days after death, for which you will not have to pay any money.

  • Go to the Central Government website
  • Create an account
  • Fill the death form
  • Submit it
  • Then print
  • Also add an address proof (of the person who dies)
  • Make two people watch (family members or others)
  • Fill the declaration form from both ( download from here )
  • After this, submit it by going to the registrar (whose address is below the form).

After 21 days you cannot do online but you will have to make it offline.

  • Fill in Form 2 ( download from here )
  • Also add an address proof (of the person who dies)
  • Make two people watch (family members or others)
  • Fill the declaration form from both (download from here)
  • After this go to the registrar and submit

Many people of this state can apply from this website, whose list is given on this site, apart from this you can get a death certificate from the Jan Seva Kendra or from the website of your state.

The central government has made Aadhaar card mandatory for creating death certificate ie death certificate from 1 October 2017. Under this decision of the government, Aadhaar number will be necessary to know the identity of the deceased, only after this the death certificate will be made. If a person does not have an Aadhaar card and dies, then his family will not be able to produce his death certificate. In the event of not having a death certificate, the heir of the deceased will not get the benefit of the policies in his name.

Saturday, January 23, 2021

Law How to Apply for Birth Certificate Online - जन्म प्रमाण पत्र कैसे बनवाये

 

How to Apply for Birth Certificate Online - जन्म प्रमाण पत्र कैसे बनवाये

जन्म प्रमाण पत्र बच्चे का सबसे पहला हक माना जाता है। अगर आप प्रेग्नेंट हैं या प्रेग्नेंसी की प्लानिंग कर रहे हैं, तो आपको बर्थ सर्टिफिकेट से जुड़ी सभी जानकारी पता होनी चाहिए। जन्म प्रमाण पत्र बच्चे के जीवन भर काम आने वाला सबसे महत्वपूर्ण दस्तावेज है, लेकिन कई बार जन्म पंजीकरण प्रक्रिया की पूरी जानकारी न होने और लोगों की अलग-अलग राय से बढ़ती उलझनों की वजह से बच्चे का बर्थ सर्टिफिकेट नहीं बन पाता है।


बर्थ सर्टिफिकेट से संबंधित कई सवाल आपके जहन में होंगे, लेकिन सबसे पहले जान लेते हैं कि बर्थ सर्टिफिकेट होता क्या है।

बर्थ सर्टिफिकेट क्या होता है? | Birth Certificate Kya Hota Hai

बर्थ सर्टिफिकेट प्रत्येक शिशु का पहला कानूनी दस्तावेज होता है। इसमें शिशु का नाम उसके माता-पिता के नाम के साथ दर्ज किया जाता है। बर्थ सर्टिफिकेट में शिशु के पैदा होने की तारीख, स्थान और लिंग के साथ अन्य कई कानूनी जानकारी अंकित की जाती है। यह दस्तावेज बतौर शिशु की पहचान के रूप में भी काम आता है। आसान शब्दों में कहें, तो जन्म का पंजीकरण यानी बर्थ सर्टिफिकेट प्रत्येक बच्चे का अधिकार है।

क्यों बर्थ सर्टिफिकेट का होना अनिवार्य है?

बर्थ सर्टिफिकेट आगे चलकर बच्चे के काफी काम आता है। इसका न होना कई बार कानूनी कार्यों में बाधा बन जाता है। जन्म प्रमाण पत्र सबसे पहले बच्चे के स्कूल में एडमिशन के दौरान मांगा जाता है। इसलिए, बर्थ सर्टिफिकेट का होना अनिवार्य है। आइए, जन्म प्रमाण पत्र क्यों महत्वपूर्ण है, इससे संबंधित कुछ अन्य बिंदुओं पर भी नजर डाल लेते हैं –

  • कॉलेज में प्रवेश।
  • अपनी पहचान स्थापित व साबित करने के लिए।
  • सरकारी योजनाओं का लाभ पाने के लिए।
  • बाल विवाह सहित दुर्व्यवहार और शोषण के मामलों से लड़ने के लिए।
  • रोजगार के लिए बतौर आयु प्रमाण पत्र।
  • पासपोर्ट आवेदन।
  • आप्रवासन (Immigration) – जैसे ग्रीन कार्ड के लिए।
  • विरासत और संपत्ति के दावों के लिए।

चलिए, अब जान लेते हैं कि बर्थ सर्टिफिकेट कहां बनते हैं।

बर्थ सर्टिफिकेट कहां बनता है? | Birth Certificate Kaha Par Banta Hai

जन्म प्रमाण पत्र उन पंजीकरण केंद्रों व कार्यालयों से जारी किए जाते हैं, जहां बच्चे के जन्म के समय उसके माता-पिता रह रहे थे। मुख्य रूप से बर्थ सर्टिफिकेट इन जगहों से जारी होते हैं –

  • नगर निगम
  • नगर पालिका
  • नगर पालिका परिषद
  • ग्राम पंचायत (गांव में)

जन्म प्रमाण पत्र बनवाने की प्रक्रिया | Birth Certificate Process In Hindi

जन्म प्रमाण पत्र आवेदन के लिए आपको पहले जन्म का पंजीकरण करना होगा। जन्म और मृत्यु पंजीकरण अधिनियम 1969 के अनुसार, पंजीकरण के लिए निर्धारित फॉर्म भरकर जन्म के 21 दिन के भीतर संबंधित स्थानीय अधिकारियों के पास जमा करना होता है। इसके बाद जन्म प्रमाण पत्र संबंधित अस्पताल के वास्तविक रिकॉर्ड के सत्यापन के बाद जारी किया जाता है। अगर जन्म के 21 दिन के अंदर आपने पंजीकरण नहीं करवाया है, तो पुलिस सत्यापन के बाद प्रमाण पत्र जारी किया जाता है। रजिस्ट्रेशन के बाद ही जन्म प्रमाणपत्र बनने की प्रक्रिया शुरू होती है। आप बर्थ सर्टिफिकेट रजिस्ट्रेशन ऑफलाइन व ऑनलाइन दोनों तरीकों से कर सकते हैं।

ऑफलाइन कैसे अप्लाई करें?

आप जन्म प्रमाण पत्र ऑफलाइन भी हासिल कर सकते हैं। इससे संबंधित प्रक्रिया नीचे दी गई है।

  • संबंधित रजिस्ट्रार कार्यालय से जन्म पंजीकरण फॉर्म लें।
  • अगर बच्चा अस्पताल में पैदा हुआ है, तो चीफ मेडिकल ऑफिसर स्वयं ही आपको फॉर्म दे देते हैं।
  • फॉर्म भरने के बाद बच्चे के जन्म से संबंधित अस्पताल द्वारा प्राप्त दस्तावेज के साथ इसे रजिस्ट्रार के पास जमा करवा दें।
  • इसके बाद जन्म रिकॉर्ड (दिनांक, समय, जन्म स्थान, माता-पिता का नाम, नर्सिंग होम/अस्पताल) संबंधित सभी तथ्यों का सत्यापन रजिस्ट्रार द्वारा किया जाता है।
  • इसके बाद बच्चे का जन्म प्रमाण पत्र आवेदक को जारी किया जाता है।
  • 7 से 15 दिन तक आपके पते पर जन्म प्रमाणपत्र भेज दिया जाता है।
  • जन्म और मृत्यु पंजीकरण अधिनियम 1969 के सेक्शन 14 के तहत, बच्चे के नाम के बिना भी जन्म प्रमाण पत्र प्राप्त किया जा सकता है।
  • ऐसे मामलों में नाम पंजीकरण प्राधिकरण द्वारा बच्चे के जन्म पंजीकरण की तारीख से 12 महीने के भीतर और कुछ नियमों के साथ 15 साल तक निर्धारित शुल्क के साथ दर्ज किया जा सकता है।
  • अगर बच्चे का बर्थ सर्टिफिकेट जन्म के 21 दिन के भीतर पंजीकृत नहीं होता है, तो राजस्व अधिकारियों के निर्देश पर पुलिस बच्चे के जन्म और अन्य संबंधित तथ्यों का सत्यापन करेगी। आमतौर पर यह एक लंबी प्रक्रिया होती है, इसलिए शिशु के पैदा होते ही जन्म प्रमाण पत्र के लिए पंजीकरण करवा लेना चाहिए।

जन्म प्रमाण पत्र ऑनलाइन रजिस्ट्रेशन

डिजिटल इंडिया के इस दौर में जन्म प्रमाण पत्र ऑनलाइन बनवाना काफी आसान हो गया है। बस जरूरत है आपको इंटरनेट की। आइए जानते हैं जन्म पत्र ऑनलाइन कैसे प्राप्त हो सकता है।

  • सबसे पहले वेबसाइट gov.in पर जाएं।
  • दाईं ओर आपको साइन-अप बटन दिखेगा।
  • इस साइन अप बटन पर क्लिक करें।
  • साइनअप बॉक्स पर क्लिक करने के बाद एक नया विंडो दिखाई देगा।
  • इसमें बॉक्स में मांगे गए विवरण भरें जैसे नाम, आईडी, जिला या शहर/गांव, मोबाइल नंबर, जन्म स्थान।
  • सत्यापन कोड दर्ज करके रजिस्टर टैब पर क्लिक करें।
  • पंजीकरण होने के बाद पुष्टि के लिए आपके ईमेल आईडी में मेल आएगा।
  • ईमेल इनबॉक्स पर आए मेल में दिए गए लिंक पर क्लिक करके लॉगिन के लिए एक नया पासवर्ड सेट करें।
  • पासवर्ड बनने के बाद दोबारा से साइन इन करें।
  • अब एक फॉर्म पॉप अप होगा।
  • इसमें बच्चे, माता-पिता और स्थान के नाम को भरना होगा।
  • फॉर्म को भरकर 24 घंटे बाद सबमिट करें।
  • इसका प्रिंट आउट भी निकाल लें और अपने कंप्यूटर पर एक सॉफ्ट कॉपी भी डाउनलोड कर लें।
  • अब फॉर्म लेकर अपने क्षेत्र के रजिस्ट्रार कार्यालय में जमा करवा दें।
  • आवेदन पत्र जमा होने के बाद ई-मेल आईडी पर पुष्टि के लिए एक मेल आएगा।
  • मेल के जरिये ही आवेदनकर्ता को जन्म प्रमाण पत्र के ऑनलाइन पंजीकरण के संबंध में सूचना मिलती रहेगी।
  • जन्म प्रमाण पत्र की स्थिति आप साइन इन करने वाले पोर्टल के होम पेज से आवेदन संदर्भ संख्या (Application Reference Number) की मदद से जान सकते हैं।

नोट: ध्यान दें कि केंद्रीय वेबसाइट में जन्म प्रमाण पत्र ऑनलाइन रजिस्ट्रेशन की सुविधा उन्हीं लोगों के लिए है, जिनके शिशु का जन्म घर पर ही हुआ हो। इसके अलावा, आप अपने राज्य सरकार की वेबसाइट पर भी यह सुविधा प्राप्त कर सकते हैं। प्रत्येक राज्य सरकार की ऑनलानइन प्रक्रिया और नियम अलग-अलग हो सकते हैं।

जन्म प्रमाण पत्र रजिस्ट्रेशन को लेकर तो आपको सारी जानकारी मिल ही चुकी हैं। अब आर्टिकल में आगे पढ़ें बर्थ सर्टिफिकेट बनवाने के लिए कौन-कौन से दस्तावेज जरूरी होते हैं।

बर्थ सर्टिफिकेट बनवाते समय नीचे दिए दस्तावेजों को अपने साथ जरूर रखें।

  • आवेदन पत्र जो वेबसाइट पर सबमिट करने के बाद प्रिंट किया गया है
  • बच्चे के जन्म का प्रमाण यानी हॉस्पिटल की रसीद (अगर बच्चा हॉस्पिटल में पैदा हुआ है)
  • माता-पिता का पहचान पत्र (ड्राइविंग लाइसेंस, वोटर आईडी, आधार कार्ड आदि)
  • Address Proof- copy of any one of the self attested document (Voter id card, electricity/gas/water/ telephone bill, passport, valid ration card, aadhaar card, running bank account etc.)
  • Declaration by parent(s) in prescribed proforma (Download here)
  • शपथ पत्र (affidavit) अगर बच्चे के जन्म के एक साल बाद पंजीकरण करवाया जा रहा हो तो

बर्थ सर्टिफिकेट बनवाने की पूरी प्रक्रिया जानने के बाद अब पता करते हैं कि यह सर्टिफिकेट कब तक मिल जाता है।

जन्म प्रमाण पत्र कितने दिन में प्राप्त होता है

  • बर्थ सर्टिफिकेट के लिए आवेदन करने के बाद आपको यह 7 से लेकर 21 दिन के बीच में मिल सकता है।
  • बर्थ सर्टिफिकेट बनने के बाद आप इसे ऑनलाइन डाउनलोड भी कर सकते हैं।
  • आप इसे नगर निगम के लोकल ऑफिस में जाकर भी ले सकते हैं।

जन्म प्रमाण पत्र बनाने  लिए कितना शुल्क लगता है

बर्थ सर्टिफिकेट का पंजीकरण अगर शिशु के पैदा होने के 21 दिन के अंदर किया जाता है, तो कोई शुल्क अदा नहीं करना होता है, लेकिन 21 दिन के बाद निम्नलिखित शुल्क आपको देने पड़ सकते हैं–

  • अगर 21 दिन से ज्यादा बीत जाते हैं, तो 2 रुपये बतौर विलंब शुल्क देने होते हैं।
  • शिशु के पैदा होने के 30 दिन से ज्यादा (एक साल से कम) बीत जाने पर 5 रुपये का विलंब शुल्क देना होगा।
  • एक वर्ष के भीतर जन्म को दर्ज नहीं किया गया, तो प्रथम श्रेणी के मैजिस्ट्रेट या प्रेसिडेंसी मैजिस्ट्रेट के आदेश पर 10 रुपये के विलंब शुल्क के भुगतान पर जन्म पंजीकृत किया जाता है ।
  • ध्यान रहें कि हर राज्य का विलंब शुल्क अलग-अलग हो सकता है।
How to Apply for Birth Certificate Online - जन्म प्रमाण पत्र कैसे बनवाये

मृत्यु प्रमाण पत्र कैसे बनवाये - How to Get Death Certificate Online in India

 

मृत्यु प्रमाणपत्र यह एक जरुरी दस्तावेजो में से एक दस्तावेज है. काफी सारे काम इसके बिना नहीं हो पाते है. जैसे इन्सुरेंस क्लेम करना हो या मरने वाले के अकाउंट से पैसे निकालने हो या पेंशन लेनी हो हर जगह मृत्यु प्रमाणपत्र चाहिए


मृत्यु प्रमाण पत्र के आधार पर ही मृतक के कानूनी उत्तराधिकारी को पेंशन, जीवन बीमा का भुगतान, बैंक खाते में बची राशि का भुगतान मिलता है, लिहाजा अगर डेथ सर्टिफिकेट नहीं है तो मरने वाले शख्स के उत्तराधिकारी को ये भुगतान नहीं मिल पाएगा। 

डेथ के बाद से 21 दिन के अंदर आप ऑनलाइन अप्लाई कर सकते है जिसके लिए आपको कोई पैसा नहीं देना होगा

  • सेंट्रल गवर्नमेंट की वेबसाइट पर जाये
  • एक अकाउंट बनाये
  • डेथ फॉर्म भरे
  • उसको सबमिट करे
  • इसके बाद प्रिंट करे
  • साथ में एक एड्रेस प्रूफ ऐड करे (मरने वाले का)
  • दो लोगो को विटनेस बनाये (फॅमिली वाले हो या अन्य)
  • दोनों से डिक्लेरेशन फॉर्म भरवाए (यहाँ से डाउनलोड करे)
  • इसके बाद रजिस्ट्रार के यहाँ जाकर सबमिट करे दें (जिसका एड्रेस फॉर्म के नीचे होता है)

21 दिन के बाद आप ऑनलाइन नहीं कर सकते बल्कि आपको ऑफलाइन में बनवाना पड़ेगा जिसके लिए

  • फॉर्म 2 भरे (यहाँ से डाउनलोड करे)
  • साथ में एक एड्रेस प्रूफ ऐड करे (मरने वाले का)
  • दो लोगो को विटनेस बनाये (फॅमिली वाले हो या अन्य)
  • दोनों से डिक्लेरेशन फॉर्म भरवाए (यहाँ से डाउनलोड करे)
  • इसके बाद रजिस्ट्रार के यहाँ जाकर सबमिट करे दें

इस वेबसाइट से कई स्टेट के लोग अप्लाई कर सकते है जिनकी लिस्ट इस साइट पर दी गयी है, इसके अलावा आप जन सेवा केंद्र से या अपने स्टेट की वेबसाइट से भी मृत्यु प्रमाण पत्र बनवा सकते है.

केन्द्र सरकार ने 1 अक्टूबर 2017 से डेथ सर्टिफिकेट यानी की मृत्यु प्रमाण पत्र बनाने के लिए आधार कार्ड अनिवार्य कर दिया है। सरकार के इस फैसले के तहत मृतक की पहचान जानने के लिए आधार नंबर जरूरी होगा, इसके बाद ही मृत्यु प्रमाण पत्र बनेगा। अगर किसी शख्स के पास आधार कार्ड नहीं है और उसकी मौत हो जाती है तो फिर उसके परिवार वाले उसका डेथ सर्टिफिकेट नहीं बना पाएंगे। डेथ सर्टिफिकेट ना होने की हालत में मृतक के उत्तराधिकारी को उसके नाम से चल रही पॉलिसियों का फायदा नहीं मिल पाएगा।

मृत्यु प्रमाण पत्र कैसे बनवाये - How to Get Death Certificate Online in India

Friday, September 6, 2019

Introduction to law relates to business


How would you define the “Law”?
Answer:
Law is simply defined, as a set of rules that have been developed over a long period of time that regulated
people’s interactions with each other and such Law operates to set standards of conduct between
individuals and other individuals and individuals and the government for the common good and to
ensure public obedience and legal order in any society in order to eliminate or minimise anarchy and
chaos and promote social cohesion and legal order.

Question 2
Are all so called ‘rules’, automatically converted into Laws?
Answer:
NO – Even though it is often true to say that the law consists of a set of rules within society governing
people’s interactions with one another, it does not, however, automatically follow that all “rules” are or
ever will become “Law”. It is not always an easy task to try to ascertain when a “rule” actually becomes
“Law” but some factors that should be considered in such determination are:
• Where the rule comes from;
• How an offender will be dealt with when the rule is broken;
• How the offender will be punished; and
• By whom.

Question 3
What fundamental values and beliefs are actually embodied in the Law?
Answer:
Essentially, Law embodies what society believes is right, fair and just. Accordingly, justice in any society
means that everyone is entitled to a fair trial under a set of rules that applies equally to both sides in
an open court.

Question 4
Within any society and legal system, what is meant by the ideal of the ‘rule of the law’?
Answer:
The rule of low in any democratic society, embodies three main propositions that are based on the ideals
of democracy, fairness and justice and include that:-
• No person must be punished except for a breach of law which means that a person should
be able to know whether what they may want to do is lawful or unlawful. It also recognises
the law as the highest authority in society.
• All persons are equal before the law irrespective of status or position.
• The rights or freedoms of citizens are enforceable in the courts.
The question also seeks individual opinion as to the validity of these propositions.
Question 5
What are the main differences between common law and statute law?
Answer:
The main differences between common law and statute law in any legal system whether common law or
civil (code) law are in the manner in which they are created and in the actual way they exist.
• Common Law
Common law is judge made law. It is created through case law and the interpretation of statutes.
Because of the importance of the doctrine of precedent in the development of the common law,
by its very nature it is resistant to drastic or sudden change. It can be very difficult to get rid of
inappropriate principles. On the other hand, it enables appropriate principles to be established
on a firm basis and so provides an element of certainty and the development of the law in a
coherent and consistent manner.
• Statute Law
Statute law is the law made by parliament and while statute law assumes the existence of the
common law, in the event of a conflict between the two, statute law will always prevail. Common
law principles will only be maintained to the point where they conflict with statute law. Statute
law is always able to respond quickly to changing community needs but often lacks some of
the flexibility of the common law as there can be difficulties in ascertaining the intention of
Parliament because language is imperfect.


Question 6
What are the three main purposes of the hierarchy of courts within a legal system?
Answer:
In any legal system, the hierarchy of courts serves a threefold purpose:-
• provides a system of appeal;
• allows different forms of hearing according to the gravity of the case; and
• is instrumental in the building up of precedent.
1.2

Multiple choice questions

Question 1
The law as a regulatory tool in a society is important for a number of reasons including the that it:
a) Prescribes what people cannot do.
b) Informs people of what they can do.
c) Informs people what they must do.
d) All of the above.
Answer:
d
Question 2
Which of the following statements regarding the definition of ‘the Law’ is more accurate?
a) The Law consists of rules of and principles of conduct that are enacted by Governments,
embedded in Constitutions, Statutes and decisions in Courts.
b) The Law is a set of rules that has been codified in some States.
c) The Law is created by the Queen.
d) All of the above.
Answer:
a

Question 4
Within any society and legal system, what is meant by the ideal of the ‘rule of the law’?
Answer:
The rule of low in any democratic society, embodies three main propositions that are based on the ideals
of democracy, fairness and justice and include that:-
• No person must be punished except for a breach of law which means that a person should
be able to know whether what they may want to do is lawful or unlawful. It also recognises
the law as the highest authority in society.
• All persons are equal before the law irrespective of status or position.
• The rights or freedoms of citizens are enforceable in the courts.
The question also seeks individual opinion as to the validity of these propositions.
Question 5
What are the main differences between common law and statute law?
Answer:
The main differences between common law and statute law in any legal system whether common law or
civil (code) law are in the manner in which they are created and in the actual way they exist.
• Common Law
Common law is judge made law. It is created through case law and the interpretation of statutes.
Because of the importance of the doctrine of precedent in the development of the common law,
by its very nature it is resistant to drastic or sudden change. It can be very difficult to get rid of
inappropriate principles. On the other hand, it enables appropriate principles to be established
on a firm basis and so provides an element of certainty and the development of the law in a
coherent and consistent manner.
• Statute Law
Statute law is the law made by parliament and while statute law assumes the existence of the
common law, in the event of a conflict between the two, statute law will always prevail. Common
law principles will only be maintained to the point where they conflict with statute law. Statute
law is always able to respond quickly to changing community needs but often lacks some of
the flexibility of the common law as there can be difficulties in ascertaining the intention of
Parliament because language is imperfect.



Women and the workplace by Radha kumar

Women and the workplace:dart:


Written by Radha Kumar , Chair of the Council of the UN University, Tokyo.

For more than a century, March 8 has marked International Women’s Day — a global day celebrating the achievements of women and promoting gender equality worldwide. But as we pause to celebrate our many advances, we must also acknowledge how much remains to be done.

Interlinked issues


Two interconnected issues have emerged as priorities over the past two years: sexual harassment at the workplace and obstacles to women’s participation at all levels of the workforce, including political representation. The 2017-18 explosion of the #MeToo movement across social media uncovered countless cases of unreported sexual harassment and assault, first in the U.S. and then in India. In both countries, it led to the resignations or firing of dozens of prominent men, mostly politicians, actors and journalists.

It also prompted a range of public and private organisations to examine the internal institutional cultures surrounding sexual harassment, gender parity, and gender equity. Amongst them, the United Nations.

UN Secretary-General António Guterres has been a staunch supporter of women’s rights since his election in 2016, stating the need for “benchmarks and time frames to achieve [gender] parity across the system, well before the target year of 2030”. In September 2017, the UN released a System-wide Strategy on Gender Parity to transform the UN’s representation of women at senior levels. Today the UN’s Senior Management Group, which has 44 top UN employees, comprises 23 women and 21 men.

A mirror within

In response to the MeToo movement, the UN recently conducted a system-wide survey to gauge the prevalence of sexual harassment among its more than 200,000 global staff. Though only 17% of UN staff responded, what the survey uncovered was sobering. One in three UN women workers reported being sexually harassed in the past two years, predominantly by men. Clearly, the UN gender strategy has much to improve, but then the UN, like most other international and national organisations, has a decades-old cultural backlog to tackle.

The inter-governmental UN is as affected by prevalent national cultures as are individual countries. Some might argue more, since the UN Secretary-General has to find a way through contending blocs of countries that support or oppose women’s rights’ goals. This is where UN research plays a significant role. As findings on the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) indicate, many countries, including India, were able to substantially increase their performance on issues such as sex ratios and maternal mortality once their leaders had signed on to the MDGs. Tracking performance on the Sustainable Development Goals, a more comprehensive iteration of the MDGs, will again provide useful pointers for policymakers and advocates going forward.

Efficacy of single window

At the same time, Mr. Guterres is to be commended for holding a mirror to organisational practices when it comes to sexual harassment or gender parity. Bringing the issue of gender inside the organisation, to reform its practices, will enable the UN to stand as an example of the rights it advocates.

How can organisations as large as the UN improve their internal cultures surrounding sexual harassment, gender parity, and gender equity? This issue has generated considerable debate in India, where political parties have begun to ask how they are to apply the rules of the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013 which lays down that every office in the country must have an internal complaints committee to investigate allegations of sexual harassment. With thousands of offices across the country, and barely any employee trained to handle sexual harassment, Indian political parties ask whether broader structures, such as district or regional complaints committees, could play the role of office ones. In this context, does the UN Secretariat’s single window structure for such complaints provide a better prac
tice? One caveat is that it does not apply across the organisation, so UN agencies, including the multi-institute UN University that aims to achieve gender parity at the director level by end 2019, still have to identify their organisation-specific mechanisms.

Clearly, we need further research before we can arrive at a judgment: perhaps a follow-up to the UN’s sexual harassment survey that looks at complaints received and action taken. In India, going by past figures — since the current government has not released data for the last two years — the impact of the 2013 Act, one of the most comprehensive in the world, has been poor. Despite a large jump in complaints recorded, convictions have not shown a proportionate rise, largely due to poor police work. That is an obstacle which the UN, with its internal mechanisms, may not suffer from as far as first responses are concerned, but will certainly face as and when cases come to law.

Both the UN’s early successes and the Indian experience offer lessons to UN member-states, few of which have gender parity or serious action against sexual harassment in the workplace. In the U.S., companies such as General Electric, Accenture, Pinterest, Twitter, General Mills and Unilever are setting and achieving targets to increase female representation at all levels of their workforce. This March 8, let us hope that companies worldwide pledge to follow the examples in the U.S. And that other institutions, whether universities or political parties, follow the UN example. Gender reforms begin at home, not only in the family but also in the workplace.

UP PCS (J) Guess Paper 2019

Constitution of India and Polity


➢ Nature of Indian Constitution. Indian Federalism is Dynamic in nature. It is Competitive Federalism. Comment this statement in context of GST and 14th Finance Commission Report.
➢ Importance of Preamble
➢ Doctrine of Severability and Eclipse (Article 13)
➢ Article 14 - Rule of Law
➢ Equality and Arbitrariness are sworn Enemy? Comment
➢ Whether Indian Constitution permits protective classification?
➢ Whether Article 13 applicable on personal Law?
➢ Right to information and right to be inform
➢ Critically analyse judgement of Maneka Gandhi case
➢ In India Secularism does not mean anti-religion but tolerance to all religion?
➢ “PIL is not pill for every ill.” Explain this.
➢ Whether “Right to Privacy is FR” (KS Puttaswami Case)?
➢ Whether judiciary usurping the functions of other organs of government. Wright down the situation of judicial activism in India.
➢ FR and DPSP relationship.
➢ FD’s are not to destroy FR but to balance it.
➢ In India President is titular head, real power west in council of minister.
➢ Write down the current position in case of appointment of Judges of SC/HC.
➢ Write down the roll of green tribunal in case of air pollution.
➢ Freedom of trade and commerce.
➢ Article 310 and 311 (Protection of civil servant)
➢ Provisions regarding emergency.
➢ Constitutional Morality & Social Morality
➢ New Cases on Constitution
➢ Sarkaria Commission



➢ G.S.T. & 101st Amendment.
➢ Triple Talaq
➢ A. 35A Validity of Jammu Kashmir Resettlement Act.

POLITY

➢ Money Bill, Expenditure charged on CFI, Appropriation Bill, Vote on Account, Supplementary Grants, Policy Cut, Token Cut, Economy Cut, Public Account Committee, Estimate Committee, on Public Under taking, CAG, JPC.
➢ Whether Governor is an agent of Central Government?

Indian Contract ACT

➢ S. 10A I.T. Act
➢ Communication of Acceptance when complete? (through post, telephone)
➢ Nature of minor’s agreement and voidable contract
➢ Difference between void agreement and voidable contract
➢ Define and explain with examples public policy
➢ What do you understand by Doctrine of frustration? It is applicable in India also?
➢ What is quasi contract?
➢ Breach of Contract
➢ Difference between indemnity and Guaranty
➢ Privity of Contact

TRANSFER OF PROPERTY ACT

➢ Define actionable claim. How it can be transfer?
➢ Rule against double possibility.
➢ Rule against perpetuity and exception. Difference b/w Indian Law and English Perpetuity.
➢ Doctrine of Election (S.35) and Equitable Doctrine of Election.
➢ Rule of accumulation
➢ Doctrine of acceleration
➢ Holding Out
➢ Part Performance
➢ Clog on Redemption (Once mortgage always Mortgage)
➢ Define lease how it can be terminated?
➢ Define gift with case laws.
➢ Read illustration of section 25, 27, 31, 35, 115, 126, 132

HINDU LAW

➢ Whether Hindu marriage is contractual or sacramental?
➢ Judicial separation and divorce.
➢ Problem on Women State (section 14 HAS)
➢ Cruelty and desertion
➢ Problem on adoption and Surrogacy.

MUSLIM LAW

➢ Importance & Applicability of Shariyat Act.
➢ Widow’s right of retention (Maina Bibi v Choudhry Vakil Ahmad).
➢ Constitutional validity of Triple Talaq and Halala. Conditional and Contingent Talaq. Validity of Talaq Pronounced by drunken Person.
➢ Gift of Life interest in Muslim
➢ Provision of Wasiyat
➢ Validity of Nikah and Talaq on Mobile
➢ Right of maintenance of Muslim Wife
➢ Hiba, revocation of Hiba, Conditional and Contingent Gift, Gift to Juristic & Unborn Person.

SPECIFIC RELIEF ACT

➢ Changes in 2018 in SRA (S.20)
➢ Section 4, 5 and 6
➢ What contract can’t be specifically perform?
➢ Granting Specific performance is discretion of court
➢ Difference between rectification recession and cancellation of contract
➢ Injunction

PARTNERSHIP ACT

➢ Definition of Partnership
➢ Right and Duties of partner
➢ Doctrine of holding out
➢ Dissolution of firm by court (S.44) & on equitable ground
➢ Minor as partner
➢ Effect of non-registration firm (2016 PSCJ)
TRUST ACT
➢ Define trust. Kinds of Trust. How it can be terminated?
➢ Breach of Trust
➢ Disability of trusty
➢ Right of beneficiary (2016 PCSJ)

TORT

➢ Vicarious liability of state (2016)
➢ Medical negligence
➢ Strict liability
➢ Malicious Prosecution and False Imprisonment. Whether Company is liable for M.P.?
➢ Defamation. Defence in Defamation. Whether simple abuse is defamation?

EASEMENT ACT

➢ Define easement. How it can be created?
➢ Easement of necessity and quasi-necessity.
IAS NEXT, 2nd floor, Shahar plaza, Munshipuliya, Opp. Canara Bank, Indira Nagar, Lucknow
Ph. No. - (0522) 4241011 Mobile No. - 09454721860
➢ Define license whether it can be transferred? How it can be revoked? Difference between lease and license. (2016 PCSJ)

PAPER - III (LAND LAW)

➢ Consequence of abolition of Zamindari.
➢ Who are BTR? Restriction (2016)
➢ Rights of BNTR.
➢ Consequence of transfers (lease, sale, mortgage) in violation of provisions of Land law.
➢ Problem on succession (male and female property)
➢ Allotment of land for agricultural and housing site
➢ Compensation and rehabilitation grant
➢ Mutation

RENT CONTROL ACT

➢ On what building these acts not apply?
➢ Define standard rent. How it can be determine?
➢ What is deemed vacancy?
➢ Allotment and release of building
➢ Eviction of tenant.

UP URABAN PLANNING ACT

➢ Development Authority and its constitution
➢ Advisory committee
➢ Master plan and zonal development plan
➢ Procedure for approval of plan

CONSOLIDATION OF HOLDING ACT

➢ Definition - Consolidated Area, Consolidation, Chak
➢ Meaning, Object and benefit of consolidation
➢ On what land consolidation will not apply?
➢ Effect of notification.
➢ Meaning and confirmation of provisional consolidation schemes
➢ Closure of consolidation operation

UP PANCHAYATI RAJ ACT 1947

➢ Constitution and function of Gram Panchayat
➢ Removal & Election of Pradhan. Election of Up-Pradhan.
➢ Nyaya Pamchayat
➢ Power of state government to make laws.

UP MUNICIPLATITY ACT, 1916

➢ General functions
➢ Composition of municipality
➢ Disqualification of membership
➢ Removal of President
➢ Power of DM (S. 32-35)
➢ Election of president
➢ Municipal Taxes

INDIAN PENAL CODE (50 MARKS)

➢ Doctrine of mens-rea (2016)
➢ Difference between preparation and attempt (2016)
➢ Mistake of fact is defence, mistake of law is no defence
➢ Section 84 (medical and legal insanity)
➢ Criminal conspiracy
➢ Common intention vs. common object
➢ Difference between CH and murder
➢ Grave and sudden provocation
➢ Section 354 A,B, C and D (2016)
➢ Difference between kidnapping and abduction, riot and affray, theft and extortion, wrongful restraint (Problems from book) and wrongful confinement
➢ Cr. Amendment, 2018
➢ Constitutional validity of S. 309, 377, 497, 499.

PAPER - II

➢ PLAINT AND WS FOR M.P. (2016), SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE OF CONTRACT, Ejectment of Tenant
➢ JUDGEMENT CRIMINAL JUDGEMENT ON THEFT, DOWRY DEATH

CPC

➢ What is civil nature suit and its example?
➢ Constructive RJ
➢ RJ between co-defendant (2016)
➢ Problem of place of suing (Section 19 and 20)
➢ What cannot be attached on execution of decree? (Section 60)
➢ Reference, review and revision
➢ Set-off (O8R6 all illustration, difference between legal and equitable set-off, difference between set-off and counter-claim) (2016)
➢ Order 33 Indigent Suit (2016)
➢ Attachment before judgement (2016)
➢ Interpleader suit (O 35) (2016)
➢ Amendment Power, Inherent Power and Discretionary Power (S. 151) (Seth Manoharlal v Seth Heeralal)

CRPC

➢ Cr. Amendment, 2018. FIR related problem.
➢ Section 31
➢ Procedure for arrest - Section 41, 41 (A to D)
➢ Summon to government servant and army persons
➢ Proclamation and attachment
➢ Charge (Section 111 to 223) - all questions
➢ Difference between trial of complaint cases and cases instituted on PR
➢ Summary trial
➢ Confirmation of death proceedings
➢ Illustrations of Sec. 213, 215, 300

EVIDENCE ACT

➢ Res-Gestae
➢ Direct and circumstantial evidence
➢ What fact are not otherwise relevant become relevant Section 11
➢ Define admission who can made it (Section 17 to 21) (2016 PCSJ)
➢ Difference between confession and admission
➢ Relevancy and admissibility are not synonyms. Comment.
➢ Presumptions
➢ Estoppel. Equitable & Promissory Estoppel.
➢ Accomplice and evidentiary value of his testimony
➢ Study illustrations of Section 7, 9, 14, 21, 34, 43, 91, 92, 149, 153

Important Essay

1. Uniform Civil code (Triple Talaq)
2. Problem of child labour
3. Problem on Cyber Crime
4. Global warming- Flood, Draughts, Cyclone.
5. Independence of Judiciary-NJAC.
6. Empowerment of women.
7. Constitutional & Social Morality.
8. Euthanasia & Its Legality.
9. LGBTQ.

Complete book for Cyber Crime Act in India download pdf


Complete book for Cyber Crime Act in India download pdf


1. Tampering with computer source Documents Sec.65
2. Hacking with computer systems , Data Alteration Sec.66
3. Sending offensive messages through communication service, etc Sec.66A
4. Dishonestly receiving stolen computer resource or communication device Sec.66B
5. Identity theft Sec.66C
6. Cheating by personation by using computer resource Sec.66D
7. Violation of privacy Sec.66E
8. Cyber terrorism Sec.66F
9. Publishing or transmitting obscene material in electronic form Sec .67
10. Publishing or transmitting of material containing sexually explicit act, etc. in electronic form Sec.67A
11. Punishment for publishing or transmitting of material depicting children in sexually explicit act, etc.
in electronic form Sec.67B
11. Preservation and Retention of information by intermediaries Sec.67C
12. Powers to issue directions for interception or monitoring or decryption of any information through
any computer resource Sec.69
13. Power to issue directions for blocking for public access of any information through any computer
resource Sec.69A
14. Power to authorize to monitor and collect traffic data or information through any computer resource
for Cyber Security Sec.69B
15. Un-authorized access to protected system Sec.70
16. Penalty for misrepresentation Sec.71
17. Breach of confidentiality and privacy Sec.72
18. Publishing False digital signature certificates Sec.73
19. Publication for fraudulent purpose Sec.74
29. Act to apply for offence or contraventions committed outside India Sec.75
21. Compensation, penalties or confiscation not to interfere with other punishment Sec.77
22. Compounding of Offences Sec.77A
23. Offences with three years imprisonment to be cognizable Sec.77B
24. Exemption from liability of intermediary in certain cases Sec.79
25. Punishment for abetment of offences Sec.84B
26. Punishment for attempt to commit offences Sec.84C

*Note* : Sec.78 of I.T. Act empowers Police Inspector to investigate cases falling under this Act

27. Offences by Companies Sec.85
28. Sending threatening messages by e-mail Sec .503 IPC
29. Word, gesture or act intended to insult the modesty of a woman Sec.509 IPC
30. Sending defamatory messages by e-mail Sec .499 IPC
31. Bogus websites , Cyber Frauds Sec .420 IPC
32. E-mail Spoofing Sec .463 IPC
33. Making a false document Sec.464 IPC
34. Forgery for purpose of cheating Sec.468 IPC
35. Forgery for purpose of harming reputation Sec.469 IPC
36. Web-Jacking Sec .383 IPC
37. E-mail Abuse Sec .500 IPC
38. Punishment for criminal intimidation Sec.506 IPC
39. Criminal intimidation by an anonymous communication Sec.507 IPC
40. When copyright infringed:- Copyright in a work shall be deemed to be infringed Sec.51
41. Offence of infringement of copyright or other rights conferred by this Act. Any person who knowingly
infringes or abets the infringement of Sec.63
42. Enhanced penalty on second and subsequent covictions Sec.63A
43. Knowing use of infringing copy of computer programme to be an offence Sec.63B
44. Obscenity Sec. 292 IPC
45. Printing etc. of grossly indecent or scurrilous matter or matter intended for blackmail Sec.292A IPC
46. Sale, etc., of obscene objects to young person Sec .293 IPC
47. Obscene acts and songs Sec.294 IPC
48. Theft of Computer Hardware Sec. 378
49. Punishment for theft Sec.379
50. Online Sale of Drugs NDPS Act
51. Online Sale of Arms Arms Act.

Tuesday, February 12, 2019

Temporary Injunction - Few important judgments of the Supreme Court of India


*"Temporary Injunction"* - *Few important judgments of the Supreme Court of India*



1. Rathnavathi v. Kavita Ganashamdas, (2015) 5 SCC 223

2. Ram Prakash Agarwal v. Gopi Krishan, (2013) 11 SCC 296

3. Lakshmi v. E. Jayaram, (2013) 9 SCC 311

4. Best Sellers Retail (India) (P) Ltd. v. Aditya Birla Nuvo Ltd., (2012) 6 SCC 792

5. Esha Ekta Appartments CHS Ltd. v. Municipal Corpn. of Mumbai, (2012) 4 SCC 689

6. Ranjit Kaur v. Major Harmohinder Singh, (2011) 15 SCC 95 : (2014) 2 SCC

7. Supreme Court Bar Assn. v. B.D. Kaushik, (2011) 13 SCC 774

8. Skyline Education Institute (India) (P) Ltd. v. S.L. Vaswani, (2010) 2 SCC 142

9. Home Care Retail Marts (P) Ltd. v. New Era Fabrics Ltd., (2009) 17 SCC 429

10. Zenit Mataplast (P) Ltd. v. State of Maharashtra, (2009) 10 SCC 388

11. Mandali Ranganna v. T. Ramachandra, (2008) 11 SCC 1

12. D. Dwarakanath Reddy v. Chaitanya Bharathi Educational Society, (2007) 6 SCC 130

13. M. Gurudas v.
Rasaranjan, (2006) 8 SCC 367

14. Seema Arshad Zaheer v. Municipal Corpn. of Greater Mumbai, (2006) 5 SCC 282

15. Rajasthan Housing Board v. Krishna Kumari, (2005) 13 SCC 151

16. Fargo Freight Ltd. v. Commodities Exchange Corpn., (2004) 7 SCC 203

17. State of Haryana v. State of Punjab, (2004) 12 SCC 673

18. Vareed Jacob v. Sosamma Geevarghese, (2004) 6 SCC 378,

19. Hardesh Ores (P) Ltd. v. Timblo Minerals (P) Ltd., (2004) 4 SCC 64

20. Haridas Exports v. All India Float Glass Manufacturers’ Assn., (2002) 6 SCC 600

21. Mahendra & Mahendra Paper Mills Ltd. v. Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd., (2002) 2 SCC 147

22. Anand Prasad Agarwalla v. Tarkeshwar Prasad, (2001) 5 SCC 568

23. Uniply Industries Ltd. v. Unicorn Plywood (P) Ltd., (2001) 5 SCC 95

24. A. Venkatasubbiah Naidu v. S. Chellappan, (2000) 7 SCC 695

25. S.M. Dyechem Ltd. v. Cadbury (India) Ltd., (2000) 5 SCC 573

26. Colgate Palmolive (India) Ltd. v. Hindustan Lever Ltd., (1999) 7 SCC 1

27. Sree Jain Swetambar Terapanthi Vid (S) v. Phundan Singh, (1999) 2 SCC 377

28. Whirlpool Corpn. v. Registrar of Trade Marks, (1998) 8 SCC 1

29. N.R. Dongre v. Whirlpool Corpn., (1996) 5 SCC 714

30. Gujarat Bottling Co. Ltd. v. Coca Cola Co., (1995) 5 SCC 545

31. Mahadeo Savlaram Shelke v. Pune Municipal Corpn.(1995) 3 SCC 33

32. Shiv Kumar Chadha v. Municipal Corpn. of Delhi, (1993) 3 SCC 161

33. Dalpat Kumar v. Prahlad Singh, (1992) 1 SCC 719

34. Cotton Corpn. of India Ltd. v. United Industrial Bank Ltd., (1983) 4 SCC 625 .....